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Devils Tower (Lakota: ''Matȟó Thípila'' ("Bear Lodge") or ''Ptehé Ǧí'' ("Brown Buffalo Horn") (Arapaho: ''Wox Niiinon'' ) is an igneous intrusion or laccolith in the Bear Lodge Mountains (part of the Black Hills) near Hulett and Sundance in Crook County, northeastern Wyoming, above the Belle Fourche River. It rises dramatically 1,267 feet (386 m) above the surrounding terrain and the summit is 5,114 feet (1,559 m) above sea level. Devils Tower was the first declared United States National Monument, established on September 24, 1906, by President Theodore Roosevelt. The Monument's boundary encloses an area of 1,347 acres (545 ha). In recent years, about 1% of the Monument's 400,000 annual visitors climbed Devils Tower, mostly using traditional climbing techniques.〔(Devils Tower NM – Final Climbing Management Plan ) National Park Service, page 4, February 1995, accessed March 13, 2009〕 ==Name== Tribes including the Arapaho, Crow, Cheyenne, Kiowa, Lakota, and Shoshone had cultural and geographical ties to the monolith before non-Native Americans reached Wyoming. Their names for the monolith include: Aloft on a Rock (Kiowa), Bear's House (Cheyenne, Crow), Bear's Lair (Cheyenne, Crow), ''Daxpitcheeaasáao'', "Home of bears" (Crow), Bear's Lodge (Cheyenne, Lakota), Bear's Lodge Butte (Lakota), Bear's Tipi (Arapaho, Cheyenne), Tree Rock (Kiowa), and Grizzly Bear Lodge (Lakota). The name Devil's Tower originated in 1875 during an expedition led by Col. Richard Irving Dodge when his interpreter misinterpreted the name to mean Bad God's Tower, which then became Devil's Tower.〔(NPS Frequently Asked Questions ), accessed July 22, 2008〕 All information signs in that area use the name "Devils Tower", following a geographic naming standard whereby the apostrophe is eliminated.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=USGS Frequently Asked Questions, #18 )〕 In 2005, a proposal to recognize several American Indian ties through the additional designation of the monolith as ''Bear Lodge National Historic Landmark'' met with opposition from the United States Representative Barbara Cubin, arguing that a "name change will harm the tourist trade and bring economic hardship to area communities". In November 2014, Arvol Looking Horse, an American Indian spiritual leader, again proposed renaming the geographical feature "Bear Lodge", and submitted the request to the Board of Geographic Names. A second proposal was submitted to request that the US acknowledge the "offensive" mistake and to rename the monument and sacred site ''Bear Lodge National Historic Landmark''. The formal public comment period will end in fall 2015. Local state senator Ogden Driskill opposed the change.〔 PDFs include "Bear Lodge name change proposal" and "National Park Service information on name change"〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Devils Tower」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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